[정보처리 산업기사 실기 기출] 전산영어 (18~20년)

[2020년 11월]

The name (① SQL  ) is presently expanded as Structured Query Language. Originally (① SQL  ) was called SEQUEL(Structured English QUEry Language) and was designed and implemented at IBM Research as the interface for an experimental relational database system called SYSTEM R. (② DDL ) is a standard for commands that define the different structures in a database. (② DDL ) statements create, modify, and remove database objects such as tables, indexes, and users. Common (② DDL  ) statements are CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. (① SQL  ) has one basic statement for retrieving information from a database; the (③ SELECT ) statement. This is not the same as the (③ SELECT ) operation of the relational algebra. The basic form of the (③ SELECT ) statements is formed of three clauses (③ SELECT ),(④ FROM ),and(⑤ WHERE ), having the flowing form : (③ SELECT ) <attribute list> (④ FROM ) <table list> (⑤ WHERE ) <condition> <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be retrieved by query. <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the query.

 

 

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[2020년 10월]

(    LINUX      ) is computer operationg system developed by linus B. Torvalds and a very popular version of the Unix operating system that runs on a varity of hardware platforms. (     LINUX     ) is widely used as a server OS and is ganing ground in the desktop market. Also, It is open source software that anyone can use free of charge.

 

(    RAID    ) is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into a single logical unit for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.

 

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[2020년 7월]

(①  ISP ) is a company that provides individuals and other companies access to the Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting. Internet services typically provided by (①  ISP ) include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting. A (② DOMAIN NAME ) is a human-friendly alias for a numeric IP Address. a (② DOMAIN NAME )consists  of a series of names describing the name of the computer, and the type of organization or the country where the host server is located. A (② DOMAIN NAME ) is technically read from right to left with the rightmost part of the address being the top level domain. (③ E-MAIL ) is the transmission of text messages and optional file attachments over a network.  (③ E-MAIL ) is sent to a simulated mailbox in the network (③ E-MAIL ) server or host computer. The (③ E-MAIL ) program in your computer queries the (③ E-MAIL ) server so many minutes and alerts you if new (③ E-MAIL ) has arrived. (④ MODEM  ) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and demodulates the signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. (⑤ TELENT ) is a terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks such as the Internet The (⑤ TELENT ) program runs on your computer and connects your PC to server on the network. You can then enter commands through the (⑤ TELENT ) program and they will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the server console. The start a (⑤ TELENT ) session, you must log in to a server by entering a valid user name and password. (⑤ TELENT ) is a common way to remotely control Web servers

 

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[2020년 5월]

(① COPYRIGHT  ) is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time. The exclusive rights are not absolute; they are limited by limitations and exceptions to (①  COPYRIGHT  ) law. (COPYRIGHT) 이란 원저작물의 창작자가 저작물의 사용과 배포에 있어 일반적으로 제한된 시간동안 독점적인 권리를 인정하는 법적 권리이다. 배타적 권리는 (COPYRIGHT)법에서 정한 제한 및 예외 사항에 의해 제한되므로 절대적인 권리는 아니다. In computing, (② C ) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. Like most imperative languages in the ALGOL tradition, (② C  ) has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. 전산에 있어 (C)는 1969년에서 1973년 사이 AT&T 벨연구소 에서 Dennis Ritchie가 최초 개발한 범용 프로그래밍 언어이다. ALGOL 계보의 다른 대부분의 명령형 언어와 마찬가지로 구조적 프로그래밍을 위한 기능을 가지고 있으며, 어휘의 가변적 범위와 재귀를 허용한다 (③ ROM ) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in (③ ROM  ) can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware. (ROM)은 컴퓨터 및 다른 전자장치에서 사용하는 저장 매체의 한 부류이다. (ROM)에 저장된 데이터는 수정이 느리거나 어렵거나 전혀 할 수 없기 때문에 주로 펌웨어를 배포하기 위해 사용된다. The (④ FIREWALL ) is the primary method for keeping a computer secure from intruders. A (④ FIREWALL ) allows or blocks traffic into and out of a private network or the user's computer. (FIREWALL/방화벽)은 침입자로부터 컴퓨터 안전을 지키는 주요한 수단이다. (FIREWALL/방화벽)은 사설 네트워크나 사용자 컴퓨터로부터 들어오거나 나가는 트래픽을 허용하거나 차단한다. (⑤ COMPILER ) is the software that translates a program written in a high-level programming language (C/C++, COBOL, etc.) into machine language. A (⑤ COMPILER ) usually generates assembly language first and then translates the assembly language into machine language. (COMPILER )는 고급 프로그래밍 언어(C/C++,COBOL 등)로 작성된 프로그램을 기계어로 바꾸어주는 소프트웨어다. (COMPILER )는 보통 어셈블리 언어를 생성하고 그 다음 어셈블리 언어를 기계어로 변환한다.

 

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[2019년 10월]

① KERNEL It plays a key role in the operating system. It manages resources such as memory and processor, and plays a role in controlling the system to run smoothly. Typically, It includes an interrupt handler that processes all requests that compete for the services, such as terminated I/O operations, a scheduler that determines which programs will share its processing time in what order, And a supervisor that grants licenses to each processes. 운영체제에서 가장 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 메모리나 프로세서와 같은 자원을 관리하거나, 시스템이 원활히 운영되도록 제어하는 역할을 수행한다. 일반적으로 종료된 입,출력 연산과 같이 서비스에 대한 경쟁적인 모든 요청들을 처리하는 인터럽트 처리기, 프로그램들의 처리 시간을 어떤 순서대로 나눌지 결정하는 스케쥴러, 그리고 각각의 프로세스에게 권한을 부여하는 관리자를 포함한다. ② SHELL It is a command-line interpreter that provides a interface between systems and users, and along with the kernel, it is one of the major components of Unix. It performs the same role as a command.com file in DOS operating system. It does not load in memory and exists in file form on a external memory. Also, It supports instruction pipelining and be possible to change the direction of the input and output. 시스템과 사용자 간의 인터페이스를 제공하는 명령줄 인터프리터이며, 커널과 함께 Unix의 주요 구성요소 중 하나이다. DOS 운영체제에서 command.com 파일과 동일한 역할을 수행한다. 메모리에 적재되지 않고 외부 메모리에 파일 형태로 존재한다. 또한 명령 파이프라이닝을 지원하며, 입, 출력 방향을 변경하는 것이 가능하다. ③ MULTI-TASKING It is the ability to run more than one program at the same time. For example, you can download files from the Internet while listening to MP3 music files. It allows more efficient use of the computer hardware and includes measures to change the priority of individual tasks, so that important jobs assign more processor resources than those considered less significant. 하나 이상의 프로그램을 동시에 실행할 수 있는 기능이다. 예를들어, MP3 음악파일을 들으며 인터넷에서 파일을 다운로드 할 수 있다. 컴퓨터 하드웨어를 보다 효율적으로 사용할 수 있도록 하고, 개별 업무의 우선순위를 변경하여 중요한 작업이 덜 중요하게 생각되는 것보다 더 많은 프로세스 자원을 할당하도록 하는 조치를 포함하고 있다. ④ C In computing, It is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. Like most imperative languages in the ALGOL tradition, it has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. 전산에 있어 이것은 1969년에서 1973년 사이 AT&T 벨연구소 에서 Dennis Ritchie가 최초 개발한 범용 프로그래밍 언어이다. ALGOL 계보의 다른 대부분의 명령형 언어와 마찬가지로 구조족 프로그래밍을 위한 기능을 가지고 있으며, 어휘의 가변적 범위와 재귀를 허용한다. ⑤ LINUX It is computer operating system developed by Linus B. Torvalds and a very popular version of the Unix operating system that runs on a variety of hardware platforms. It is widely used as a server OS and is gaining ground in the desktop market. Also, It is open source software that anyone can use free of charge.

 

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[2019년 6월]

A (① Deadlock ) is a condition that occurs when two processes are each waiting for the another to complete before proceeding.  The result is that both processes hang. (①  Deadlock )s can occur in concurrent environments as a result of uncontrolled granting of system resource to requesting processes. The necessary conditions for (① Deadlock  ) which may be stated more explicitly as follows. (교착상태)는 두 개의 프로세스가 수행되기 전 서로가 끝나기를 기다리고 있을 때 발생하는 상황이다. 결국 두 프로세스 모두 동작이 멈춘다. 병행 환경하에서 요청하는 프로세스들에게 시스템 자원을 무작정 허용함으로써 (교착상태)는 발생할 수 있다. (교착상태)가 발생하기 위해서는 다음의 조건이 충족되어야 한다. Mutual (② EXCLUTION )- The shared resources are acquired by at most one process at a time; to achieve it, at least one resource must be held in a non-shareable mode. 상호 (배제) - 한번에 한 개의 프로세스만이 공유 자원을 사용할 수 있어야 한다. 이를 달성하기 위해 적어도 한 개 이상의 자원이 비공유 상태로 유지되어야 한다. (③ HOLD ) and wait - Each process continues to hold resources already allocated to it while waiting to acquire other resources. (점유) 및 대기 - 각 프로세스들은 다른 자원을 얻기 위해 대기하는 동안 이미 할당된 자원들을 계속 점유한다. No (④ PREEMPTION ) - Resources allocated to a process can not be released back forcefully by the system, They can be released only as a result of the voluntary action of that process. 비(선점) - 프로세스에 할당된 자원은 오직 프로세스의 자발적인 행동에 의해서만 할당이 해제되며, 시스템이 강제로 해제할 수 없어야 한다. (⑤ CIRCULAR WAITING  ) - Each process holds one or more resources being requested by the next process in the chain. For example, if the chain consists of Pl, P2, P3 and P4, P1 is waiting for P2, P2 is waiting for P3, P3 is waiting P4, and P4 is waiting P1. (환형 대기) - 각 프로세스들은 체인의 다음 프로세스가 요청하는 하나 이상의 자원을 점유한다. 예를들어 체인이 P1, P2, P3, P4로 구성되어 있다면, P1은 P2를 기다리고 있고 P2는 P3를 기다리고 있고P3는 P4를 기다리고 있고 P4는 P1을 기다리고 있다.

 

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[2019년 4월]

① USB  It is one of the industry standards that establishes specifications for protocols for connection between personal computers and their peripheral devices.  It is possible to connect up to 127 devices with only one port.  Initially it was developed for personal computers, but today it is also used in a variety of electronic devices. ② ISP  It is a term for operators that provide a variety of Internet services such as Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.   The first commercial service provider was "The World" founded in Australia and the United States in 1989. Korea's leading providers include KT, SK Broadband, and LG U+.

 

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[2018년 10월]

At the beginning age of computers and communications technologies. these two technologies are dealt as totally different subject. However, as those technologies are developed, they began to be merged.  The innovation of new technology called a(n)(① INTERNET  ) is emerged and changed the entire way of human life. 컴퓨터 및 통신기술의 태동기에는 이 두 기술이 전혀 다른 주제로 취급되었다. 하지만 이러한 기술들이 발전함에 따라 두 가지가 병합되기 시작했다. INTERNET  이라고 하는 신기술의 혁신이 등장하고 인간의 삶 전체를 변화시켰다. (① INTERNET ) is data communication systems combination of computer and network. Physically, the (① INTERNET ) is composed of many computers or terminals connected with communication lines. The (① INTERNET  ) enables users to share access to information through the various network. Some networks span the globe and others cover a relatively small area. INTERNET 는 컴퓨터와 네트워크가 결합된 데이터 통신 시스템이다. 물리적으로는, INTERNET 는 통신회선으로 연결된 여러 컴퓨터 또는 터미널로 구성된다. INTERNET 은 사용자가 다양한 네트워크를 통해 정보에 대한 접근을 공유할 수 있도록 한다. 일부 네트워크는 전 세계에 걸쳐 있고 비교적 작은 지역을 담당한다. There are many types of (① INTERNET   )s, including: • (② LAN ) : The computers are geographically close together(that is in the same building). LAN 컴퓨터들이 지리적으로 가까운 거리에 있다(예를들면 건물) • WAN : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves. • CAN(Campus Area Network) : The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base. • MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) : A data network designed for a town or city. • HAN(Home Area Network) : A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices. In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks: • (③ TOPOLOGY ) : The geometric arrangement of a computer system.   Common (③ TOPOLOGY ) includes a bus, star and ring. TOPOLOGY : 컴퓨터 시스템의 기하학적 배치 일반적인  TOPOLOGY에는 버스, 스타 및 링이 포함된다. • (③ PROTOCOL ) : It defines a common set of rules and signals that  computers on the network use to communicate.   One of the most popular (④ PROTOCOL ) for LAN is called Ethernet.   Another popular LAN (④ PROTOCOL  ) for PC is the IBM token-ring network. PROTOCOL네트워크의 컴퓨터들이 통신을 하기 위해 사용하는 공통된 규칙 및 신호 집합을 정의한다. LAN에서 가장 널리 사용되는 PROTOCOL중 하나를 이더넷이라고 한다. • architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture. Computers on a network are sometimes called (⑤ NODE ). In networks, a processing location. Generally speaking a(n) (⑤ NODE  ) can be a computer or some other device, such as a printer. Every (⑤ NODE ) has a unique network address, sometimes called a Data Link Control(DLC) address or Media Access Control(MAC) address. 네트워크상의 컴퓨터를 NODE 라고도 한다. 네트워크에서는 처리 위치이다. 일반적으로 NODE 는 컴퓨터일 수도 있고 프린터와 같은 다른 장치일 수 있다. 모든 NODE 에는 DLC(Data Link Control)주소 또는 MAC(Media Access Control) 주소라고도 하는 고유한 네트워크 주소가 있다. Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.

 

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[2018년 6월]

Originally (① SQL  ) was called SEQUEL(Structured English QUEry Language) and was designed and implemented at IBM Research as the interface for an experimental relational database system called SYSTEM R. (② DDL ) is a standard for commands that define the different structures in a database. (② DDL ) statements create, modify, and remove database objects such as tables, indexes, and users. Common (②  ) statements are CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. (③ RELATION ) is a set of tuples of the same structure. (③ RELATION  ) in (① SQL ) is used in almost the same sense as a table.  (③ RELATION  ) variables may be defined using (② DDL ). (④ DML  ) is a language used by database users to process stored data through an application or query. It provides the interface between the database user and the database management system. Also (④ DML  ) has four types of SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, AND UPDATE. (⑤ DDL ) is the language used to define security, integrity, recovery and parallel performance control of data. The database administrator uses (⑤ DDL ) for data management purposes. also it has four kinds of COMMIT, ROLLBACK, GRANT, AND REVOKE.

 

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[2018년 4월]

(① ARRAY ) is a collection of identically typed data items distinguished by their indices (or "subscripts"). It is convenient to store and collect. data of the same form as it has same names unlike the variables. (② INDEX ) is a data structure that consists of a key and a pointer to quickly access a data record when viewing or recording the data. It can be created using one column or multiple columns in the table. It provides a foundation for fast retrieval and for efficient sequencing operations associated with record access. (③ TREE ) is a structure in which the nodes that designate information are the most prominent. It is comprised of parent nodes, child nodes, and descendant nodes, and has the has the same structure as a branch. The node that is at the end of the branch, that is, the node that is the youngest, is called the leaf. (④ STACK ) is a special type of data structure in which items are removed in the reverse order from that in which they are added, so the most recently added item is the first one removed.  This is also called Last-In, First-Out(LIFO). (⑤ QUEUE ) is a particular kind of collection in which the entities in the collection are kept in order and the principal (or only) operations on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position and removal of entities from the front terminal position. It is relevant to a First-In-First-Out(FIFO) data structure.

 

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